What is keratoconus?

Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition where the usually round cornea (the clear, dome-shaped front surface of the eye) thins and bulges outward into a cone shape. This abnormal shape affects how light enters the eye, leading to distorted vision.

What causes keratoconus?

The exact cause of keratoconus isn’t fully understood, but factors include:

• Genetics: It often runs in families.
• Chronic Eye Rubbing: Associated with worsening keratoconus.
• Underlying Conditions: Linked with conditions like Down syndrome or connective tissue disorders.
  It’s important to understand that keratoconus is likely a result of a combination of environmental and genetic factors. This knowledge can help you and your family be more prepared and proactive in managing the condition.

What are the symptoms of keratoconus?

Symptoms typically begin in the teenage years or early 20s and worsen over time. They include:

• Blurred or distorted vision.
• Increased sensitivity to light and glare.
• Frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions.
• Difficulty seeing at night.

In advanced cases, the cornea may develop scarring, further impairing vision. This can significantly impact your daily life, making tasks such as driving, reading, or even recognising faces more difficult. It’s important to seek treatment early to prevent these complications and maintain your quality of life.

How is keratoconus diagnosed?

An eye doctor diagnoses keratoconus through:

• Visual Acuity Tests: To assess the extent of vision distortion.
• Corneal Topography: A specialised scan that maps the shape of the cornea.
• Pachymetry: Measures the corneal thickness.

How is keratoconus treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of the condition:

1. Mild to Moderate Keratoconus:
   • Eyeglasses or Soft Contact Lenses: Correct early vision problems.
   • Rigid Gas-Permeable or Hybrid Lenses: Provide clearer vision by compensating for the irregular corneal shape.
2. Progressive or Severe Keratoconus:
   • Corneal Cross-Linking (CXL): A minimally invasive procedure that strengthens the cornea by applying riboflavin drops and UV light, halting progression.

Corneal Transplant:

In severe cases with scarring or extreme thinning, a full or partial corneal transplant may be required.