What is a corneal ulcer?

A corneal ulcer is an open sore or wound on the cornea, the transparent front layer of the eye that plays a crucial role in focusing light and enabling clear vision. It usually results from an infection, injury, or underlying condition and can cause pain, redness, and vision problems. If untreated, it may lead to severe complications, including permanent vision loss.

What causes corneal ulcers?

The leading causes include:

• Infections:
  • Bacterial infections (common in contact lens wearers).
  • Fungal infections (often due to plant material injuries or contaminated water).
  • Viral infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus).
  • Parasitic infections (e.g., Acanthamoeba from water sources).
• Injuries: Trauma to the eye, such as scratches or foreign objects.
• Dry Eye Disease: Insufficient tears can lead to corneal damage and ulcers.
• Chemical Burns: Exposure to harmful substances.
• Eyelid Disorders: Conditions like entropion (inward-turning eyelid) can cause constant irritation.

What are the symptoms of a corneal ulcer?

Symptoms may include:

• Severe eye pain and redness.
• Blurred or decreased vision.
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
• Excessive tearing or eye discharge.
• A sensation of something in the eye.
• Visible white or grey spot on the cornea (in advanced cases).

How is a corneal ulcer diagnosed?

An eye doctor will perform:

1. Slit Lamp Examination: A detailed look at the cornea under magnification.
2. Fluorescein Staining: A special dye to highlight the ulcer.
3. Culture Testing: A sample may be taken to identify the germ if an infection is suspected.

How is a corneal ulcer treated?

Treatment depends on the cause:

• Bacterial Ulcers: Treated with antibiotic eye drops. Severe cases may need fortified antibiotics.
• Fungal Ulcers: Antifungal drops or oral medications are used.
• Viral Ulcers: Antiviral eye drops or oral medications, particularly for herpes infections.
• Parasitic Ulcers: Treated with anti-parasitic drugs.

In severe cases, hospitalization may be required. If scarring occurs, a corneal transplant, a surgical procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy one from a donor, may be necessary to restore vision.

What are the complications if left untreated?

• Permanent corneal scarring.
• Vision impairment or blindness.
• Eye perforation, potentially requiring surgical intervention.

How can I prevent corneal ulcers?

• Practice good hygiene if you wear contact lenses:
  • Wash hands before handling lenses.
  • Avoid sleeping or swimming in lenses.
• Protect your eyes from injuries with goggles during risky activities.
• Seek prompt treatment for eye infections or injuries.

When should I see a doctor?

Seek urgent medical attention if you experience:

• Persistent eye pain or redness.
• Sudden vision changes.
• Discharge or visible corneal spots.

Remember, early treatment is crucial. By seeking prompt medical attention, you can prevent serious complications and protect your vision.